Unit – I

1. Impurities in Pharmaceutical Substances

History of Pharmacopoeia, Sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit test for Chloride, Sulphate, Iron, Arsenic, Lead and Heavy metals, modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate

Unit – II

1. Acids, Bases & Buffers

Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.

2. Major Extra & Intracellular Electrolytes

Functions of major physiological ions, Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS), Physiological acid base balance.

3. Dentals Products

Dentifrices, role of fluoride in the treatment of dental caries, Desensitizing agents, Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, and Zinc eugenol cement.

Unit – III

1. Gastrointestinal Agents Acidifiers

Ammonium chloride* and Dil. HCl

2. Antacid

Ideal properties of antacids, combinations of antacids, Sodium 40 Bicarbonate*, Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide mixture

3. Cathartics

Magnesium sulphate, Sodium orthophosphate, Kaolin and Bentonite

4. Antimicrobials

Mechanism, classification, Potassium permanganate, Boric acid, Hydrogen peroxide*, Chlorinated lime*, Iodine and its preparations

Unit – IV

1. Miscellaneous Compound

Expectorants: Potassium iodide, Ammonium chloride*.
Emetics: Copper sulphate*, Sodium potassium tartrate.
Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate*, Ferrous gluconate.
Poison and Antidote: Sodium thiosulphate*, Activated charcoal, Sodium nitrite333.
Astringents: Zinc Sulphate, Potash Alum

Unit – V

1. Radiopharmaceuticals

Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, Properties of α, β, γ radiations, Half life, radio isotopes and study of radio isotopes – Sodium iodide I131 , Storage conditions, precautions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances.